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danieldwilliamPrompted by some wild speculation I have had a quick go at gathering my thoughts and some data on how energy and water supplies might be affected by a hostile No Deal Brexit.
Don't Panic!
By a hostile No Deal Brexit I mean the worst case scenario where we leave the EU in a sulk, with No Deal, refusing to pay any money, and the EU essentially shuts the border in retaliation. This is far and away worse than the base case for a No Deal, which is that we fail to agree withdrawal terms and the we lack a whole bunch of legal compliances and the volume of paperwork jumps ten-fold and all the lorries are stuck in Kent or, more likely, somewhere else in the EU. I'm talking the EU being so cross with us that they are actually trying to be difficult.
Still Don't Panic.
Water
Britain has lots of water. Almost all of our water comes to us via a gravity fed series of reservoirs and pipes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment
https://www.wte-ltd.co.uk/sewage_treatment_explained.html
About 4% of California's energy goes on water processing and pumping. California is rubbish at dealing with water. I'd guess we spend about 2% of our energy on dealing with water.
We have cholrine plants in the UK for disinfecting drinking water.
See this one. If you look in the upper right hand side of the photograph you can see my old powerstation.
https://www.vynova-group.com/sites/runcorn
If things get very bad - remember that most of the water that is delivered to your taps as drinkable isn't used for drinking.
You need to drink about 1.5 - 2.0 litres of clean water a day.
https://www.nhs.uk/news/food-and-diet/six-to-eight-glasses-of-water-still-best/
Worst case that clean water can come in a bowser under armed guard. In the unlikely event that the army has either mutineed en masse (unlikely see the 1914-1918 war and also the Glorious Revolution in 1688) and joined the Brexiteers but decided not to help them with water supplies or the army has lost control of the mainland UK. The later is a thing that has not happened since 1745, arguably not since 1066. Remember, if the situation gets that bad that hordes of Brexiters are rioting for water you only need about 5 days supplies and a safe place in order to survive them. We're talking the first 20 minutes of 28 Days here. By Day 4 of the Great Water Riots anyone without water will be dehydrated to the point of death.
To be honest drinking untreated water is unlikely to kill you. (See human evolution passim). Certainly not before the government collapses and the EU "invades" - again see Glorious Revolution of 1688 for details.
Sewage - similar story. Most of the sewage treatment is passive, using gravity tanks and naturally occuring bacteria. A complete system failure might mean inadequately treated sewage (not raw sewage, just not tertiary treated sewage) is released in to environmentally sensitive areas. Don't go swimming in Cornwall.
So, the water supply is probably okay so long at the electricty supply is adequate.
Electricity.
I've done this pretty quickly but given the margin for error we have I'm pretty sanguine -but do chip in if you think I've missed something and have workings to show it, or you have some sort of qualification in energy and have advised at least one government on energy policy.
Roughly, 70% of the UK's electricy comes from sources that are domestically produced or immune to an huffy EU.
19% of our electricity comes from nukes. Those nukes will have an average of 12 months of fuel already inside them. The UK has about a thousand years worth of nuclear fuel available to it in spent fuel. Reprocessing this will cost twice as much just buying it from Australia or Canada. NB fuel costs make up about 5% of the levalised of nuclear electricty. So doubling the fuel cost will add about 5% to the over all cost of electricty from nuclear plants.
We are probably dependent on EU regimes for legally running our nukes but in the event of a hostile No Deal Brexit I expect EU nuclear safety inspectors will be shot on sight (or on site). Certainly the plant manager will be taking his orders from the SAS security team and not the EU inspectors.
So that's about 1 electron in 5 squared away.
Coal accounts for about 15% of our electricty needs.
Most of that is imported - about two thirds. Not all from the EU. In fact we import most of our coal for electricty from Russia, Columbia and the USA. Would Russia stop selling us coal because the EU said so? Would the USA (current President Trump - friend to coal miners everywhere) stop selling us coal because the EU said so? I don't think so.
We also do have indigenous supplies of coal which could increase production to cover some of that shortfall. It's a good thing the Conservative Party has got excellent relationships with the coal mining community.
Gas.
Gas is problematic.
We import about 15% of our gas. Depending on pricing a lot of this comes from Norway or from the European gas grid via Belgian and the Netherlands. We use gas for electricty and the way we use it is problematic. We also use it for heating. UK controlled gas storage has decreaesd in recent year.
The problem with our gas-generated electricity is tha we use it for load following. Currently in the UK if you want electricty when you actually want it then that is being supplied by gas plants.
The better news is that one of the recent years we imported about 40% of our total gas needs from Qatar via Liquified Natural Gas terminals at the Isle of Grain, Dragon and a few others.
I think Qatar would continue to sell us gas, perhaps in exchange for diplomatic efforts on their behalf, or some bombs.
Hydro provides about 20% of our electricity and is entirely indiginous.
Wind provides about 15%
So roughly I think about 70% of our overall electricity demand is secure. A shortage of gas and the interconnectors being switched off might mean we have intra-day shortages of electricy. That means rationing, demand managment (perhaps at gun point) rolling black-outs or brown outs. It could impact grid stability leading to a shut down of the UK grid for a period of up to three days.
Other energy needs
We use gas for heating and petrol for transport. Expect petrol prices to rise. A lot. Petrol is traded in US dollars. GBP:USD currently $1.30. If the pound hit dollar parity - all other things being equal, petrol goes from £1.20 a litre to £1.50. Add shortages to that. Get ready to walk or bicycle. Worst case petrol is rationed at gun point and used to drive food about the place.
Gas for heating is problematic. Expect price rises and rationing. Buy jumpers and thermal vests and hope for a mild spring, summer and autumn whilst the EU decides how (and if) to invade to protect us from ourselves.
All of this applies to the UK as a whole. England, if, for some crazy reason Scotland makes a universal declaration of independence and shuts off our interconnectors with you in order to gain a financial advantage in the Sexit withdrawal agreement then it will be more problematic. For you. Good thing for you that your Conservative government has maintained excellent relations with Scotland and the Scottish government.
But basically my conclusion is that a disordely Brexit is unlikely to lead to a failure of the water supply or a complete failure of the electricity and heating supply. For sure, poor people will die, but that is largely Conservative Party policy on most matters.
no subject
Date: 2019-02-07 12:10 pm (UTC)Reactors need to be shut down regularly (6-18 month intervals, generally) for inspection and maintenance. AGRs were designed to run while fuel rods were being replaced, but in practice this turned out to be difficult. Re-starting a cold nuclear reactor is not a turnkey job; it can take a week to bring a reactor up from cold to driving the grid, and to get the chain reaction going requires the insertion of a neutron-emitting short-half-life initiator, which is manufactured off-site. (Hey, we don't want Homer Simpson getting drunk and firing up a shut-down reactor for a joy ride, right?)
Guess where the initiators are made? IIRC these days they're sourced in France ...
As for fuel reprocessing, the THORP plant at Sellafield is not operational any more: it's officially decomissioned. As it's highly radioactive and suffering from internal leaks, it can't simply be re-started. We'd have to build a new one. THORP took 16 years and cost £1.8Bn (in early-1980s money) to build.
Finally, many of our reactors are elderly and facing end-of-life or decommissioning: there is a reason why Hitachi, EDF, et al were supposed to be building new EPRs this decade! (Even with hefty government subsidies, though, the contractors pulled out.) We no longer have the trained nuclear engineers or infrastructure to build anything but Naval nuclear reactors from scratch in the UK: Naval reactors are not suitable for civilian power production (they run on weapons-grade fuel, don't produce enough power—they're optimized for portability, not output—and have dangerous failure modes).So within 6-18 months, nuclear power production in the UK would either grind to a halt, or require extremely dangerous corner-cutting to continue.
no subject
Date: 2019-02-07 04:01 pm (UTC)I think "dangerously optimistic" is over egging the pudding somewhat.
I'm not expecting us to survive in isolation like North Korea for a generation. I'm focusing on a period of 6-24 months after Brexit. During that period one of three things will happen,
1) our policy of leaving the EU in a huff will be revealed to be utterly, dangerously and fatally stupid and we will change it, in a big way, in a hurry,
2) our policy of leaving the EU in a huff will be revealed to be more difficult than Liam Fox thinks but easier than I think and we will limp through whilst making big changes in our infrastructure over the coming 5-10 years,
3) the UK will suffer an existential political and logistical crisis and, we'll have bigger problems than dim lights.
Firstly, the periodic outage for inspection and refuelling is priced in to my intial thoughts. It's why gas is problematic for us. Those outages are held as often as possible during the summer. We back fill that capacity with gas turbines and both gas and electricity demand and pricing is lower in the summer. With reduced access to gas we might experience some extra shortages if two of the larger nuclear generators have an outage at the same time. We survived the summer where half a dozen nukes and several larger CCGT's were broken. People will notice this if it goes wrong - it is one of the causes of the rollling black-outs, brown-outs and demand management that I mention. We will certainly see a spike in wholesale gas and electricity prices. That will translate in due course in to much, much higher retail prices. People *will* die of hypothermia in their hundreds, but probably not thousands.
Secondly, I'm not suggesting that electricity supplies will be unaffected by a disorderly and hostile Brexit. I am suggestion that the supply of electricty will go from abundent and under our control to restricted and intermittent. I'm expecting prices to rise. I'm expecting them to rise to the point were many many poor people are dying of hypothermia over the winter of 2020-21. I think petrol rationing is likely. Rationing of electricity to businesses is certain. We will stop producing aluminium. Car plants and server rooms will be on three-day weeks. What I predict won't happen is that every light in the UK will be switched of on the 30th March or that we won't be able to run a 20th century country for several years. Hospitals will continue to have electricty. Water will be adequately treated. The Tube and electric trains will still run. Other critical infrastructure will remain powered. Ordinary house-holders will be able to cook food and wash in warm water - maybe not at a time of their chosing.
Thirdly, we only need to maintain those barely adequate electricity supplies for 18-24 months. If we're still having three-day weeks and food shortages 6, 12, 18 months from Brexit then if the UK government hasn't collapsed and UK policy changed to basically surrendering to the EU on their terms then we have much, much bigger problems. Food shortages for one. Scotland seceeding for two.
Yes, our reactors are old and a bit rickety. However, we have 15 of them, if, on average they are inspected every 9 months, and one is shuttered each inspection cycle between Brexit Day and the Glori-EUs revolution and liberation 24 months later in 2022 we might expect to have 3 or 4 closed. Reducing our electricity supply by about 7-8%. This isn't trivial but it's manageable. Again, yes, poor people are going to die. Everyone will face more expensive, less certain electricity supplies. Businesses will close. Communities dependent on those businesses will be as devastated as a Durham mining village in the 1980's.
Will we run nuclear power plants beyond their safety certificates? I am certain that we will. I have factored that in to my thoughts. Depending on the ideological hardlineness of the government I expect the Secretary of State to send special forces to compel at gun point nuclear plant managers to run their plant without safety certification. We will probably avoid a serious nuclear accident. Probably. (In fact, I expect the likes of Boris Johnson to attempt to blackmail the EU with our poor nuclear safety regime. Literally weaponising his own lack of forward planning.
We do become much more vulnerable to things like industrial action at coal plants, or closures of Milford Haven LNG plant, or someone leaving a spanner inside a gas turbine, or an unusual spell of cold, still weather or people not turning up to work because their kids school is shut because the teachers don't have petrol.
I had missed the final closure of THORP. Thank you for pointing it out. I don't think this changes my fundamental position. We have sufficient nuclear fuel in the UK for the immediate post-Brexit period. We can acquire fuel from outside the EU. We can if needed get our spent fuel re-processed outside the EU. Factor in a four-fold increase in nuclear fuel prices rather than a doubling.
We can probably get an additional one or two LNG processing plants and three or four 1GW CCGT plants and several gig of wind built in 18 months if the UK government suspends planning law and we pay triple to skip the queue at non-EU domiciled GE, Kawasaki or Doosan. The Americans and Japanese love our whisky and, I am reliably informed by someone very senior in the ERG that South Koreans will do almost anything for our innovative jam.
Fundamentally, after a hard Brexit I think the UK electricity supply can run itself for several weeks before anyone really notices, for six or nine months (depending on autumn) before most people notice and it can continue to supply essential electricity and other energy supplies over the winter of 2019-20. By the time electricity shortages are closing hospitals and water treatment plants we'll have run out of food or ideologues.
I think food security is where people's attention should be focused. Buy tin cans not batteries.
no subject
Date: 2019-02-07 04:01 pm (UTC)